Asymmetric polymer materials: Synthesis, structure, and performance

The asymmetric structure is the natural part of environment and can be found in many biological systems. irregularity materials morphology or functionality often led to performance enhancement comparison isotropic material, such as selectivity, permeability, stability, transport mechanism, mechanic resistance, etc. Usually those systems exhibit distinct adaptability bringing them intelligent category. In this review various structures have been highlighted together with their synthesized approaches: top-down (lithography, etching, electrospinning, 3D/4D printing), bottom-up (phase inversion, blending) synthetic (layering, confinement). Additionally, current potential applications medical, biological, engineering, electronics optical fields featured.